| 140 |
ACTIVATED PROTEIN C RESISTANCE (APCR) |
COAG |
Screening test for Factor V Leiden,
with sensitivity ap-proaching 100%. APCR is the
most commonly recognized abnormality among patients
with venous thromboembolism. Homozygous Factor
V Leiden patients have 80-fold in-creased risk
for thrombosis; Homozygous Factor V Leiden patients
have approximately 7-10 fold increased risk. APCR
positive patients have an increased risk of fetal
loss. |
| 338 |
ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN |
NEPH |
Measurement of alpha-1-antitrypsin
aids in the diagnosis of juvenile and adult cirrhosis
of the liver. Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency has
been associated with Neonatal Respiratory Distress
Syndrome, severe protein-losing disorders, and
Pulmonary Emphysema. |
| 147 |
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) |
KS |
ACE is increased in some cases of
Active Sarcoidosis. Sensitivity about 75%, specificity
about 95%. Elevated ACE levels will return to normal
in Sarcoidosis as a result of spontaneous or corticosteroid-induced
remission. Decreas-ed ACE activity is found in
patients having Chronic Obstruc-tive Lung Disease,
Lung Cancer, Emphysema, and Cystic Fibrosis. ACE
may modulate some cardiovascular diseases. |
| 105 |
ANTI-ACTIN AB |
EIA |
Anti-actin autoantibodies are the
main component of what have been called smooth
muscle antibodies (ASMA). Anti-actin abs are found
in 52-85% of patients with Active Infectious Hepatitis
(AIH) or Chronic Active Hepatitis (CAH) and in
22% of patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
(PBC). |
| 10 |
ANTI-ADRENAL AB |
IFA |
Adrenal ab (AA) is a marker, particularly
in females, for a gonadal dysfunction due to Autoimmune
Oophoritis. AA is detected in about two-thirds
of patients with idiopathic Addison Disease. |
| 185 & 184 |
ANTI-ALPHA FODRIN, IgA & IgG
ABS |
EIA |
According to the latest findings,
the routine screening for antibodies directed against
alpha fodrin can be a useful tool in diagnosing
early stage Sjogren’s Syndrome. |
| 6 |
ANTI-BETA-2-GLYCOPROTEIN I ABS, IgG,
IgA & IgM |
EIA |
The presence of b 2 GPI IgA, IgG
and IgM abs can be used in conjunction with clinical
findings and other laborato-ry tests to aid in
the diagnosis of certain autoimmune throm-botic
disorders, such as Antiphospholipid Syndrome and
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) or other lupus-like
thrombotic diseases. |
| 158 |
ANTI-C1q IgG AB |
EIA |
Serial testing shows that increasing
amounts of IgG anti-C1q predict renal flares in
SLE patients. Elevated serum titers of anti-C1q
abs tend to be associated with proliferative forms
of Lupus, Glomerulonephritis and subendothelial
deposits of immune complexes. |
| 9 |
ANTI-CARDIOLIPIN ABS, IgG, IgA & IgM
ISOTYPES |
EIA |
Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA)
have been strongly asso-ciated with venous and
arterial thrombosis. These findings were first
observed during studies on SLE, recurrent preg-nancy
loss and thrombocytopenia. Combined testing for
phosphatidylserine antibodies and lupus anticoagulant
(LA) in addition to ACA improve the sensitivity. |
| 12 |
ANTI-CENTROMERE AB |
IFA |
The most common setting for finding
anti-centromere abs is in patients with a limited
cutaneous form of Scleroderma. Anti-centromere
abs are found in 22% of patients with Systemic
Sclerosis and in 12% of patients with Primary Biliary
Cirrhosis. Anti-centromere abs are rarely present
in normal individuals. |
| 78 |
ANTI-CHROMATIN AB, IgG |
EIA |
Chromatin is comprised of native
DNA wrapped around the (H2A-H2B-H3-H4) 2 histone
octamer, with histone H1 and some non-histone proteins
associated. The presence of chromatin antibodies
can be used in conjunction with clinical findings
and other laboratory tests to aid in the diagnosis
of drug-induced lupus (DIL) and SLE. |
| 165 |
ANTI-CYCLIC CITRULLINATED PEPTIDE
AB (ANTI-CCP), IgG |
EIA |
Anti-CCP antibodies are highly specific
marker for RA. The specificity of anti-CCP was
97% relative to disease controls (11/333 were positive),
and 99% specific versus normal controls (1100 being
positive). The sensitivity of anti-CCP for both
seropositive and seronegative RA taken together
was 87% (155/179), 93% of seropositive RA was positive
(144/155), and 46% of seronegative disease (11/24)
was positive. The majority of RA sera were strongly
reactive in anti-CCP assay. |
| 14 |
ANTI-DNA AB (SINGLE STRANDED) |
EIA |
Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) abs
aid in the diagnosis of SLE and related Connective
Tissue Diseases. Anti-ssDNA are found in 80-90%
of SLE patients during the admini-stration of certain
drugs (e.g., procainamide or quinidine) and other
autoimmune diseases including Rheumatoid Arthritis,
Scleroderma, Linear Localized Scleroderma, Polymyositis
-Dermatomyositis, Sjogren Syndrome, Mixed Connective
Tissue Disease (MCTD) and overlap syn-dromes, Myasthenia
Gravis, Chronic Active Hepatitis, Infectious Mononucleosis,
chronic Glomeruloephritis, and Biliary Cirrhosis. |
| 38 |
ANTI-dsDNA AB (CRITHIDIA) |
IFA |
Crithidia IFA method couples a good
sensitivity to high disease specificity and is
one of the preferred methods for screening for
the presence of anti-dsDNA. The method detects
the intermediate to high avidity anti-dsDNA abs. |
| 13 |
ANTI-dsDNA AB (FARR ASSAY, DOUBLE
STRANDED) |
RIA |
The Farr method detects the high-affinity
anti-dsDNA abs. The Farr assay is the most sensitive
method for detecting dsDNA abs. Significant elevations
in dsDNA ab concentra-tions confirm the diagnosis
of SLE. Serial studies of ele-vated values of dsDNA
abs are useful for predicting activity of SLE and
for measurement of serum C3 or C4 concentra-tions.
Absence of dsDNA abs does not exclude the diag-nosis
of SLE. Doubling of dsDNA ab concentrations, or
in-creases greater than 30 IU/mL in less than 10
weeks are re-liably predictive of exacerbations
of SLE. A simultaneous decrease in serum C4 complement
enhances this predictive value. |
| 136 |
ANTI-dsDNA AB by ELISA |
EIA |
Anti-dsDNA abs by EIA aid in the
diagnosis of SLE and related Connective Ttissue
Diseases. The EIA method can detect the low to
high avidity of anti-dsDNA abs. It is not specific
for active SLE only, other autoimmune diseases
such as Scleroderma, Autoimmune Hepatitis, Sjogren’s
Syndrome, and Myasthenia Gravis were positive for
anti-dsDNA by EIA. |
| 514 |
ANTI-ENA ABS (ANTI-SM & ANTI-RNP) |
EIA |
Anti-ENA aid in the diagnosis of
SLE, and related Connec-tive Tissue Diseases, such
as Sjogren’s Syndrome. Anti-Sm is highly
specific for SLE. Anti-RNP is found with a variety
of rheumatoid diseases with high titers associated
mainly with MCTD. |
| 52 |
ANTI-ENDOMYSIAL AB, IgA |
IFA |
Endomysial abs of IgA are found in
at least 70-80% of patients with Dermatitis Herpetiformis
(DH) on a normal gluten-containing diet and 100%
with Celiac Disease (CD) [gluten-sensitive enteropathy]
with severe villous atrophy. The sensitivity in
untreated CD is 85 –100%. The specificity
for active gluten-sensitive enteropathy is over
98%. |
| 50 |
ANTI-GLIADIN AB, IgG & IgA |
EIA |
IgG and IgA gliadin abs (GA) are
useful in screening persons at risk for Celiac
Disease (CD), assessing patients clinically suspect
for CD or other gluten-sensitive entero-pathies
(GSE) and for monitoring compliance with a gluten-free
diet (GFD). For, CD, anti-gliadin IgG are more
sensitive (about 100%) than IgA (about 50%), but
IgA antibodies are more specific (about 95%) than
IgG (about 60%). |
| 956 |
ANTI-GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE
AB (ANTI-GBM) |
EIA |
Anti-GBM abs are recognized as being
important in the pathogenesis of the rapidly progressive
Glomerulonephritis of Goodpasture's Syndrome (GS).
Detects the presence of circulating glomerular
basement membrane-specific abs in autoimmune renal
disorders such as GS. |
| 15 |
ANTI-HISTONE AB |
EIA |
Anti-histone abs aid in the diagnosis
of SLE, drug-induced SLE and related Connective
Tissue Diseases, such as Rheumatoid Arthritis,
Dermatomyositis and Sjogren’s Syndrome. Determination
of the patient's histone antibody status may be
useful in the differential diagnosis between SLE
and drug induced SLE. |
| 53 |
ANTI-ISLET CELL AB |
IFA |
Multiple abs are detected in the
Islet Cell IgG abs assay (ICA), including glutamic
acid decarboxylase (GAD) abs. Sensitivity in new
Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus is usually
over 80%. Specificity is greatly improved if subjects
have both ICA abs such as GAD and anti-insulin
abs. |
| 17 |
ANTI-JO 1 AB |
DD |
Jo-1 abs are found in approximately
30% of adult patients with Myositis (including
Polymyositis, Dermato-myositis and overlap syndromes)
and particularly common (about 60%) in patients
with both Myositis and Interstitial Lung Disease
(Cryptogenic Fibrosing Aveolitis or Pulmonary Interstitial
Fibrosis). |
| 526 |
ANTI-LA AB (SS-B) |
EIA |
Abs to SS-B/La antigen are detected
by EIA in 70 –90% of primary and about 50%
of secondary Sjogren Syndrome (SS) as well as in
30% of SLE and 80% of Subacute Cutaneous Lupus
and majority of infants with Complete Heart Block. |
| 129 |
ANTI-LIVER/KIDNEY MICROSOMAL AB |
EIA |
The LKM-1 reactivity is characterized
by staining of the hepatocyte cytoplasm and the
proximal, but not the distal kidney tubules. Patients
with AIH, type 2a disease tend to be young, female,
have severe disease, have low IgA levels, have
a good response to immunosuppressive therapy, and
are Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) negative. The major
target antigen of LKM-1 antibodies has been identified
as cyto-chrome P450 2D6, a microsomal protein found
in the endo-plasmic reticulum. LKM-1 antibodies
have been reported in up to 8% of patients with
chronic HCV infection. |
| 128 |
ANTI-MITOCHONDRIAL AB (M2) |
EIA |
Antimitochondrial abs (AMA) have
been reported in 90‑96% of patients with
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC). AMA are also occasionally
found in sera of patients with other liver conditions,
including Chronic Active Hepatitis, Cryptogenic
Cirrhosis and in patients with clinical, but no
biochemical evidence of Liver Disease. |
| 88 |
ANTI-MYELOPEROXIDASE AB (ANTI-MPO) |
EIA |
Anti-MPO abs aid in assessment of
certain autoimmune vasculitides such as Microscopic
Polyarteritis, and Crescentic Glomerulonephritis.
MPO is the main target antigen for the antineutrophil
cytoplasmic abs (ANCA) which give a perinuclear
(P-ANCA) immuno-fluorescence pattern. |
| 19 |
ANTI-MYOCARDIAL AB |
IFA |
Myocardial abs are found in a variety
of clinical conditions including Dressler Syndrome.
The titer also rises in about 66% of patients with
coronary artery bypass and need not be related
to Post Cardiotomy Syndrome. The abs are found
in most patients with Acute Rheumatic Fever. |
| 156 |
ANTI-NEURONAL ANTIBODY (IgG) |
FC |
Neurologic and/or psychiatric manifestations
occur in up to two thirds of patients with SLE.
The cerebral manifestations are extremely diverse,
ranging from mild depression to severe, life-threatening
presentations. Studies have shown that anti-neuronal
abs are more frequently found in the blood and
CSF of Neuropsychiatric Lupus Erythematosus (NPLE)
patients to a much greater frequency than in SLE
patients without NPLE. The study shows that serial
test results of anti-neuronal ab appear to correlate
well with clinical response to SLE therapy. Detection
of serum or CSF anti-neuronal lgG abs using the
SK-N-MC may provide laboratory correlative evidence
for the diagnosis of NPLE but must be used as an
adjunct to clinical and other laboratory findings. |
| 990 |
ANTI-NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC AB (ANCA) |
IFA |
C-ANCA and P-ANCA are typically
of the IgG isotype. C-ANCA are frequently reactive
with PR-3, P-ANCA frequently react with MPO. ANCA/MPO
abs are found in 30% of Glomerular Basement membrane
Disease. Eighty-eight percent of patients with
vasculitis-associated pulmonary hemorrhage have
elevated IgM ANCA; whereas, no patients who are
IgM ANCA-negative have pulmonary hemorrhage. IgA
ANCA is associated with Cholangitis, Kawasaki disease,
Cystic Fibrosis and Henoch-Schonlein Purpura. |
| 20 |
ANTI-NUCLEAR AB (FANA) |
IFA |
ANA by IFA is a screening test for
the presence of these abs and as a screening test
for SLE. ANA are commonly found in a variety of
autoimmune diseases. Antibody frequency increases
with age in apparently healthy people. ANA patterns
on Hep-2 slides provide only general clues about
particles (chromatin, nucleosomes, and spliceosomes).
ANA patterns (other than centromere pattern) are
not reli-ably correlated with the presence of specific
abs, and must be further evaluated by EIA using
individual ENA antigens. |
| 205 |
ANTI-NUCLEAR AB (FANA), BODY FLUID |
IFA |
See Anti-Nuclear Ab, #20. |
| 55 |
ANTI-OVARY AB |
IFA |
Anti-ovary abs are present in 78%
of patients with prema-ture ovarian failure and
Addison Disease. |
| 21 |
ANTI-PARIETAL CELL AB |
IFA |
Early studies emphasized the high
frequency (90-100%) of parietal cell abs (PCA)
in Pernicious Anemia (PA); but low frequency (about
55%) in younger patients. Explanations for the
seronegative cases in Pernicious Anemia patients
could include: a. Juvenile PC prior to the development
of abs, b. an immunological reaction restricted
to a cellular response rather than ab response,
c. exhausttion of autoimmune response as the parietal
cell abs are deve-loped, d. incorrect diagnosis,
e. unrecognized abs directed towards highly sensitive
epitopes. |
| 8 |
ANTI-PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE ABS, IgG & IgM |
EIA |
Patients with positive reactions
to both cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine were
more likely to have clinical compli-cations than
those positive for only one. Higher prevalence
and mean serum levels of IgG antiphosphatidylserine
abs have been reported in autoimmune patients.
In addition, anti-phosphatidylserine abs in SLE
patients correlated with clinical manifestations
of anti-phospholipid syndrome and their pathogenic
role has been demonstrated in a murine model. |
| 22 |
ANTI-PM/SCL AB |
DD |
PM/Scl abs are found in patients
with homogenous overlap Connective Tissue Disease
characterized by Raynaud Phenomenon, Scleroderma,
Myositis, Arthritis and Pulmon-ary Restriction.
The presence of PM/Scl abs is a good prognostic
sign unlike the poor prognosis seen with other
myositis-specific and systemic sclerosis-specific
abs. |
| 73 |
ANTI-PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR AB
(ANTI-PCNA) |
DD |
Anti-proliferating cell nuclear abs
(PCNA) are found in <10% of SLE patients. The
presence of PCNA is associated with renal involvement,
CNS involvement and Thrombocytopenia in SLE; PCNA
titers are elevated prior to development of Proteinuria
and decrease following corticosteroid treatment. |
| 89 |
ANTI-PROTEINASE 3 AB (PR-3) |
EIA |
PR-3 ab aid in assessment of certain
autoimmune vascu-litides such as Microscopic Polyarteritis,
and Crescentic Glomerulonephritis. PR-3 is the
major target antigen of antineutrophil cytoplasmic
abs (ANCA) that give a cytoplas-mic (C-ANCA) immunofluorescence
pattern. Elevated levels of PR-3 abs are classically
observed in patients with Weg-ener Granulomatosis
(WG), particularly with active disease and less
frequently in other forms of Necrotizing Vasculitis. |
| 23 |
ANTI-RETICULIN Ab, IgG & IgA |
IFA |
Anti-reticulin abs (ARA) IgA are
highly specific (>98%) for untreated Celiac
Disease (CD). Sensitivity of ARA IgA in untreated,
biopsy-proven CD is 90-95%. ARA IgG bs can be very
useful in IgA-deficient individuals being evaluated
for CD. |
| 72 |
ANTI-RIBOSOMAL P PROTEIN AB |
EIA |
Ribiosomal P protein abs (RPPA) are
detected in 45-90% of patients with severe Depression
or Psychosis due to SLE, also 7 – 20% in
non-psychotic SLE patients. RPPA are occasionally
found in Sjogren Syndrome associated with SLE and
CNS complications, and uncommon in patients with
Scleroderma and overlap with SLE. |
| 149 |
ANTI-RNA POLYMERASE I/III IgG AB |
EIA |
The detection of anti-RNAP I/III
abs is useful in the diagnos-is of SSc and for
the identification of patients at risk for dev-eloping
progressive skin thickening and renal crisis. The
prevalence of IgG RNAP I/III abs is from 3 – 58%
in SSC patients. |
| 524 |
ANTI-RNP AB |
EIA |
Anti-U1snRNP abs typically appear
in both SLE and MCTD. In MCTD, the presence of
U1 snRNP is required for diag-nosis, whereas, anti-snRNP
abs occur in only 30-40% of SLE. MCTD is typified
by the high-titer RNP antibody activity in isolation;
anti-RNP antibody activity in SLE commonly accompanies
anti-Sm abs. |
| 525 |
ANTI-RO AB (SS-A) |
EIA |
Anti-Ro (SS-A) abs occur in 40-50%
of SLE, 60-75% of Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome
(PSS) and in a high proportion of secondary SS
whether the associated disease is SLE, RA, PSS,
Polydermatomyositis, or Primary Biliary Cirrhosis,
and >90% of Subacute Cutaneous Lupus and in
the vasculitis-associated SS. |
| 515 |
ANTI-RO AB (SS-A) & ANTI-LA AB
(SS-B) - SJOGREN'S |
EIA |
The association of abs to Ro and
La with symptoms of dry eyes, Xerostomia and a
positive Rose Bengal staining or Schirmer test
has a sensitivity and specificity of 94% for Primary
Sjogren’s Syndrome. The fact that sera containing
abs to Ro and La bind and mask abs to dsDNA might
explain why SLE patients with both Ro and La antibodies
have a lower frequency of dsDNA abs and a relatively
low frequency of Nephritis. |
| 944 |
ANTI-SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE AB,
IGA & IGG (ASCA) |
EIA |
Anti-saccharomyces cervisiae abs
aid in the diagnosis of patients with Crohn’s
Disease. IgA abs should be used to complement,
but not to replace or to substitute for ASCA IgG
ab testing. |
| 527 |
ANTI-SCL-70 AB |
EIA |
The presence of anti-Scl-70 abs confirms
the diagnosis of Scleroderma but does not exclude
additional diagnosis, e.g., Scleroderma and SLE
or Scleroderma and Sjogren’s Syndrome. Anti-Scl-7
abs are present in 20-40% of Scleroderma patients
irrespective of age and in the same percentage
of males and females. In American patients with
proximal scleroderma, anti-Scl-70 abs are more
common in Blacks than in Caucasians. |
| 57 |
ANTI-SKIN AB, PEMPHIGUS & PEMPHIGOID |
IFA |
Skin abs are highly specific in
patients with pemphigus vulgaris and P. foliaceus;
the titers correlate with disease activity and
may be used to monitor therapy. Skin abs (inter-epithelial)
are found in 90% of patients with pemphigus vulgaris
and P. foliaceus. Dermal-epidermal skin abs are
abs found in 90% of patients with Bullous Pemphigoid
and 90% of Cicatricial Pemphigoid. |
| 529 |
ANTI-SM AB |
EIA |
Anti-Sm abs offer a highly specific,
but relatively insensitive, clinical marker of
SLE; their overall prevalence ranges from approximately
20-30% in SLE. Anti-Sm reactivity is not described
definitively on other diseases, although a few
studies describe SM antibodies in Monoclonal Gammo-pathies
and Uveitis. |
| 30 |
ANTI-SMOOTH MUSCLE AB |
IFA |
Smooth muscle abs (SMA) is the standard
diagnostic marker of Autoimmune Hepatitis (AH),
the classical expression of which includes an insidious
onset of lethargy, malaise, loss of appetite, Arthralgiamyalgia,
Amenorrhea, signs of Hepatosplenomegaly, Jaundice
and an acneiform skin rash. The sensitivity is
relatively high (at least 90%) and specificity
of high titer reaction (1:40) approaches 100% for
the diagnosis of AH. We see some nonspecific SMA
by IFA. |
| 126 |
ANTI-SOLUBLE LIVER AG |
EIA |
Elevated levels of SLA abs aid in
the diagnosis of conditions including Autoimmune
Hepatitis (AIH), type 2. AIH patients are generally
divided into 2 groups based on the presence of
specific abs. AIH type 1 (also referred to as classic,
active chronic, lupoid, plasma cell, or Autoimmune
Chronic Active Hepatitis) is the more common type
of AIH. |
| 31 |
ANTI-STREPTOLYSIN O AB (ASO) |
NEPH |
A marked rise in titer or a persistently
elevated titer indicates that a Streptococcus infection
or poststrepto-coccal sequelae are present. Increased
ASO levels are observed in approximately 85% of
the case of Rheumatic Fever or Pharyngitis associated
with group A b -hemolytic streptococcal infection.
ASO titers rise as early as 1 week post onset,
and peak at 3-5 weeks; values typically return
to normal levels within 6-12 months. |
| 28 |
ANTI-STRIATED MUSCLE AB |
IFA |
Anti-striated muscle abs have definite
diagnostic utility, especially in Myasthenia Gravis
patients aged 20-60. |
| 64 |
ANTI-TESTES AB |
IFA |
Abs can access testicular target
antigens during the development of Autoimmune Orchitis. |
| 106 |
ANTITHROMBIN III FUNCTION (ACTIVITY) |
COAG |
Low levels of antithrombin III activity
are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis.
Acquired deficiencies frequently occur due to consumption
in Dessimated Intravascular Coagulation, following
major operations, in cases of Nephrosis, in Liver
Disease and in contraceptive use with estrogen.
Antithrombin III function deficiency can cause
heparin resistance. |
| 32 |
ANTI-THYROGLOBULIN AB |
CH |
Autoantibodies to thyroglobulin
(TG autoantibodies) are often present in patients
with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Approximately
10 percent of healthy individuals have TG autoantibodies
at low levels; higher concentrations are found
in 30 and 85 percent of patients with Graves' Disease
and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, respectively. Elevated
levels of abs to thyroid peroxidase (TPO autoantibodies)
occur more frequently than high anti-TG levels
in these diseases. Anti-TG determinations therefore
do not seem to add to the diagnostic information
provided by anti-TPO results. |
| 33 |
ANTI-THYROID MICROSOMAL PEROXIDASE
AB (TPO) |
CH |
In virtually all cases of Hashimoto's
Disease and in the majority of Graves' Disease
cases, TPO autoantibodies are elevated. High levels
of TPO abs, in the context of the clinical presentation
of Hypothyroidism, confirms the diagnosis of Hashimoto's
Disease. |
| 145 |
C1Q CIRCULATING IMMUNE COMPLEX (C1Q
CIC) |
EIA |
Measurement of the serum concentrations
of C1q binding CIC by ELISA is prognostically important.
It is particularly suitable for monitoring CIC
levels in patients with SLE, where the levels vary
with disease activity and depressed complement
responses. |
| 35 |
C3 COMPLEMENT |
NEPH |
Measurement of C3 is used to detect
individuals with inborn deficiency of this factor
or those with immunologic disease whose complement
is consumed at an increased rate. These include
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Active Hepatitis,
certain chronic infections, Post-streptococcal,
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis and other
autoimmune diseases. |
| 206 |
C3 COMPLEMENT, BODY FLUID |
NEPH |
See C3 Complement, #35. |
| 36 |
C4 COMPLEMENT |
NEPH |
Measurement of C4 in serum is used
to detect individuals with inborn deficiency of
this factor or those with immunologic disease in
whom complement is consumed at an increased rate.
These include SLE, Chronic Active Hepatitis, certain
chronic infections, Post-streptococcal, Membranoproliferative
Glomerulonephritis, and other autoimmune diseases. |
| 208 |
C4 COMPLEMENT, BODY FLUID |
NEPH |
See C4 Complement, #36. |
| 963 |
CA-125 |
CH |
Measurement of CA125 before and
after cytoreductive surgery for Ovarian Cancer
has been shown to predict the likelihood of a patient
being left with residual disease. |
| 339 |
CA19-9 (GI-MA) |
CH |
CA19-9 has been found in 18% of
Colon Cancer patients and 67% of Hepatobiliary
Cancer patients. The CA19-9 antigen has also
been found in the sera of Cystic Fibrosis patients,
and has been used in the serological diagnosis
of the disease. |
| 964 |
CARCINOEMBRYONIC AG (CEA) |
CH |
CEA monitors the course of Adenocarcinoma
of the lung, patient response to treatment, and
disease recurrence. The CEA has broad tumor specificity
and the elevation is seen in cancers of the colon,
rectum, stomach, breast, lung, pancreas, etc. |
| 157 |
CARTILAGE OLIGOMETRIC MATRIX PROTEIN
(COMP) |
EIA |
The elevated COMP level is an aid
in identifying aggressive destruction of joint
tissue in diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis.
The COMP serum level highly correlated to the severity
of Arthritis and also to clinical joint score and
histopathological signs of cartilage erosion. COMP
serum concentration can be used to assess cartilage
degradation in inflammatory joint diseases and
help guide treatment decisions. Results less than
15 U/L suggest increased risk for aggressive cartilage
destruction. |
| 601 |
CD4 - HELPER/INDUCER COUNT |
FC |
Measures the CD4 Helper T-lymphocyte
population. |
| 344 |
CERULOPLASMIN |
NEPH |
Measurement of ceruloplasmin aids
in the diagnosis of copper metabolism disorders. |
| 34 |
COLD AGGLUTININS |
DHA |
The cold hemagglutination procedure
detects the presence of nonspecific cold agglutinins
present in the serum of patients suspected of having
Pprimary Atypical Pneumonia. The reaction occurs
at low temperature but not at body temperature.
The action of these agglutinins is nonspecific
in that they will agglutinate the patient's own
cells as well as the cells from various other animals.
The agglutination is reversible; erythrocytes clumped
by cold agglutinins will disperse when warmed to
37°C. |
| 317 |
CORTISOL, SERUM |
CH |
Anomalous cortisol concentrations
have been shown to exist in patients with acute
infections, severe pain, Diabetes Mellitus, heart
failure, and in women either pregnant or on estrogen
therapy. |
| 347 |
C-PEPTIDE |
CH |
C-peptide measurements have been
used to yield information on the natural history
of insulin-dependent Diabetes, to indirectly monitor
insulin secretion in the presence of anti-insulin
abs, and to help settle on an appropriate course
of treatment. C-peptide has also been used as an
additional means for evaluating glucose tolerance
and glibenclamide-glucose tests. |
| 51 |
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) |
NEPH |
Measurement of CRP aids in the detection
of inflammatory diseases, infections, surgery,
stress and neoplastic diseas-es. In addition to
its usual value as an acute phase reactant, CRP
in large concentration (>5 mg/dL) predicts progression
of erosions in RA. Elevated serum CRP is characteristic
of bacterial, but not Viral Meningitis or Meningoencephalitis.
It may be useful in monitoring the clinical course
of these ill-nesses. Serial monitoring of serum
and CSF CRP concen-trations may be useful clinically. |
| 550 |
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, ULTRASENSITIVE |
NEPH |
The ability to measure CRP at extremely
low concentrations has raised the possibility of
using CRP to detect early inflammatory responses
and potentially detect Cardiac Disease in the preclinical
stages. Recent evidence supporting this potential
application has shown that high baseline values
of CRP in individuals without a history of Cardiac
Disease were associated with an increased incidence
of subsequent cardiac events. It is recommend-ed,
therefore, that any estimations of inflammation
be based on changes in CRP values from multiple
measurements and be used in conjunction with the
values of other cardiac risk indicators. |
| 324 |
CREATINE KINASE (CPK) |
ENZ |
Measurements of total creatine kinase
are used in the investigation of Skeletal Muscle
Disease, and in the diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction
and Cerebrovascular Accidents. |
| 138 |
CRYOGLOBULINS |
MAC |
Cryoglobulinemia is most usually
associated with Plasma Cell Myeloma or Macroglobulinemia,
but is also found associated with various other
neoplasm, in some infectious diseases and in various
systemic disorders. The most prominent symptoms
attributed to Cryoglbulinemia are sensitivity to
the cold, Raynauds Syndrome, Purpura or Urticaria
and bleeding from mucous membranes. |
| 715 |
CRYPTOCOCCAL AG, SERUM |
FLOC |
The Latex-Crypto Ag test is most
effective for detecting the antigens of C. neoformans
in the CSF of patients with Cryptococcal Meningitis.
However, serum from these patients may also contain
detectable levels of antigen. Sera from patients
with pulmanary and osteolytic lesions due to C.
neoformans may contain demonstrable levels of crypto-coccal
capsular antigens. |
| 750 |
CRYPTOCOCCAL AG, SPINAL FLUID |
FLOC |
The Latex-Crypto Ag test is most
effective for detecting the antigens of C.neoformans
in the CSF of patients with Cryptococcal Meningitis. |
| 760 |
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) AB, IgG |
EIA |
Prevalence studies based on the
frequency of seropositive individuals in the general
population (40‑100%) shows inverse correlation
between the acquisition of CMV infec-tion and the
socioeconomic condition of the population. |
| 761 |
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) AB, IgM |
EIA |
In primary CMV infections, the development
of abs is thought to follow the pattern typical
of other viral infections; that is, CMV IgM ab
levels rise transiently while CMV IgG ab levels
rise later but may persist. Recurrence of CMV IgM
in reactivated infection is not absolute and appears
to be dependent upon the patient population. |
| 716 |
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) ABS, IgG & IgM |
EIA |
Infection by CMV cannot be clinically
diagnosed without confirmation by laboratory testing
to isolate the virus or the demonstration of IgM
specific abs or a significant rise in IgG specific
ab levels. |
| 301 |
DHEA-SO4 |
CH |
Measurement of dehydroepiandrosterone
sulfate (DHEA-SO 4 , DHEAS), an adrenal steroid,
is important to investi-gations of abnormal hair
growth (hirsutism) and balding (alopecia) in women.
It is also of value in the assessment of adrenarche
and delayed puberty. |
| 276 |
EJ |
IPP |
Anti-histidyl-tRNA synthetase autoantibodies
(anti-Jo-1) are the most common Myositis specific
abs (MSA), but abs reading with synthetase for
alanine (PL-12), threonine (PL-7), glycine (EJ),
and isoleucine (OJ) also exist. |
| 617 |
EPSTEIN BARR NUCLEAR AG (EBNA) AB,
IgG |
EIA |
EBNA-1 IgG ELISA test system provides
a means for the qualitative detection of IgG abs
to the nuclear antigen-1 of Epstein-Barr Virus
(EBNA-1) in human sera. The results of this test
together with other testing, such as the heterophile
test, and the EBV-VCA IgG and IgM tests, may aid
in the diagnosis of, and provide information on
Infectious Mono-nucleosis (IM), that may be of
value in patient management and treatment. |
| 619 |
EPSTEIN BARR VIRAL CAPSID AG (VCA),
IgG |
EIA |
See EB VCA IgG & IgM, #618. |
| 620 |
EPSTEIN BARR VIRAL CAPSID AG (VCA),
IgM |
EIA |
See EB VCA IgG & IgM, #618. |
| 618 |
EPSTEIN BARR VIRAL CAPSID AGS (VCA),
IgG & IgM |
EIA |
Both IgM and IgG antibodies to the
viral capsid antigen (VCA) peak 3 to 4 weeks after
primary EBV infection. IgM anti-VCA decline rapidly
and is usually undetectable after 12 weeks. IgG
anti-VCA titers decline slowly after peaking but
last indefinitely. |
| 621 |
EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS, EARLY ANTIGEN
(EA) |
EIA |
Abs to EA may appear transiently
for up to three months or longer during the acute
phase of Infectious Mononucleosis (IM) in 85% of
patients. A definitive diagnosis of primary EBV
infection can be made with 95% of acute phase sera
based on antibody titers to VCA, EBV-NA, and EA. |
| 348 |
ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO) |
CH |
A failure to produce sufficient
EPO accounts for the moderate to severe anemia
observed in End-stage Renal Disease. Decreased
EPO production is attributed to destruction of
renal production sites. |
| 302 |
ESTRADIOL |
CH |
The measurement of estradiol (estradiol-17
b , E2) in serum aids in the diagnosis and treatment
of various hormonal sexual disorders. |
| 326 |
FERRITIN, SERUM |
CH |
Clinical applications of the serum
ferritin assay have been extensively reviewed.
It has important roles to play in the diagnosis
of iron deficiency and excess, and in the management
of conditions and treatments posing a threat to
iron balance. |
| 232 |
FIBRILLARIN (U3 RNP) |
IPP |
The U3-RNP (Fibrillarin) particle
is thought to participate in the first step of
preribosomal RNA processing. Anti-U3 RNP antibodies
have been shown to be highly specific for patients
with SSc. |
| 345 |
FIBRINOGEN |
COAG |
A high level of fibrinogen is a
risk factor for Thrombosis and is a strong predictor
of Cardiovascular Risk and Stroke, particularly
in young adults. Low-dose heparin and ACE-inhibitors
reduce fibrinogen and risk of adverse cardio-vascular
events. |
| 349 |
FOLIC ACID (FOLATE) |
CH |
Folic acid (folate) and vitamin
B12 are nutrients essential to hematopoiesis. Megaloblastic
Anemia is almost always due to lack of one of these
two vitamins. Circulating folate levels are usually
normal or elevated in vitamin B12 deficiency, but
red cell folate levels are frequently low in this
condition. |
| 304 |
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) |
CH |
FSH aids in the diagnosis and treatment
of pituitary and gonadal disorders. |
| 142 |
FREE PROTEIN S |
COAG |
Hereditary protein S deficiency
is associated with Recurrent Venous Thromboembolic
Disease often presenting in adolescents or young
adults. Protein S levels are low in pregnancy and
coumadin therapy. Acquired Protein S deficiency
is documented in DIC, Type I and II Diabetes Mellitus,
pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, Nephrotic Syndrome,
Liver Disease, and Essential Thrombocythemia. Three
types of congenital protein S deficiency have been
identified: Type I with reduced total and free
protein S antigen, Type II with reduced activity
but normal free and total antigen, and Type III
with reduced activity of protein S and reduced
free protein S, but normal total protein S antigen. |
| 241 |
FLUORESCENT TREPONEMAL ANTIBODY-ABSORBED
(FTA-Ab) |
IFA |
This is a confirmatory test for
syphilis. |
| 397 |
GROWTH HORMONE |
CH |
Measurement of hGH is primarily
of interest in the diagnosis and treatment of various
forms of inappropriate growth hormone secretion.
Clinical disorders of hyposecretion include Dwarfism
and unattained growth potential. Hyper-secretion
is associated with Gigantism and Acromegaly. |
| 364 |
HAMA |
EIA |
In patients, multiple injections
of murine monoclonal IgG may induce immune response
directed against the same IgG, and produce significant
level of HAMA in serum. Circulating level of HAMA
can bind to the injected IgG and reduce the efficacy
of the ab therapy. In some cases, approxmately
9% of a normal population, preexisting HAMA
reactivity have been detected without the administration
of murine monoclonal IgG. |
| 368 |
HAPTOGLOBIN |
NEPH |
Measurement of haptoglobin may aid
in the diagnosis of Hemolytic Diseases related
to the formation of hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes
and certain Kidney Diseases. |
| 752 |
HELICOBACTER PYLORI AB (H-PYLORI),
IgG |
CH |
H-pylori aids in the diagnosis of
helicobacter pylori infection. A positive serological
response to H-pylori antigens has been determined
in individuals with Duodenitis, Chronic Gastritis,
and Gastric or Duodenal Ulcer. Further, many people
without clinical symptoms are seropositive for
H- pylori abs with prevalence increasing with age. |
| 1722 |
HEPATITIS A VIRUS (HAV), IgM |
EIA |
During the acute phase of HAV infection,
IgM class ab to Hepatitis A Virus (anti-HAV IgM)
appears in the patient's serum and is nearly always
detectable at the onset of symptoms. In most cases,
anti-HAV IgM persists throughout the first three
to six months of convalescence. |
| 1721 |
HEPATITIS A VIRUS (HAV), TOTAL |
EIA |
The presence of anti-HAV in human
serum or plasma is indicative of past or present
infection with Hepatitis A Virus. |
| 721 |
HEPATITIS A VIRUS (HAV), TOTAL & IgM |
EIA |
Anti-HAV IgM declines in late convalescence,
and is not detected in normal subjects regardless
of the presence of IgG abs to Hepatitis A virus
(anti-HAV IgG) in their serum. Anti-HAV IgM is
primarily used as an aid in the diagnosis of Acute
Hepatitis A. |
| 1724 |
HEPATITIS B CORE (HBc) AB, IgM |
CH |
HBc aids in the diagnosis of acute
or recent (usually six months or less) Hepatitis
B Viral Infection. |
| 1723 |
HEPATITIS B CORE (HBc) AB, TOTAL |
CH |
Anti-HBV core abs are indicated
for the screening of licensed blood and blood products
intended for transfusion and as an aid in the diagnosis
of ongoing or previous Hepatitis B Viral Infection. |
| 723 |
HEPATITIS B CORE (HBc) ABS, TOTAL & IgM |
CH |
Total anti-HBc (both IgM and IgG
abs) are detected before or at the onset of symptoms.
However, such reactivity can persist for years
after illness, may even outlast anti-HBs and occasionally
may be the only marker of either current or past
infection. |
| 725 |
HEPATITIS B SURFACE AB (HBsAb), TOTAL |
CH |
Presence of hepatitis B surface
abs is an indicator of clinical recovery and subsequent
immunity to Hepatitis B Virus. This test is useful
for evaluation of possible immunity in indivi-duals
who are at increased risks for exposure to the
hepatitis B, ie., hemodialysis unit personnel,
venipuncturists, etc. Also, it is useful for the
evaluation or the need for hepatitis B immune globulin
after needle stick injury. |
| 146 |
HEPATITIS B SURFACE AB, QUANTITATIVE |
CH |
Presence of hepatitis B surface
ab is an indicator of clinical recovery and subsequent
immunity to Hepatitis B Virus. This test is useful
for evaluation of possible immunity in individuals
who are at increased risks for exposure to the
hepatitis B, ie., hemodialysis unit personnel,
venipuncturists, etc. Also, it is useful for the
evaluation of the need for hepatitis B immune globulin
after needle stick injury, evalu-ation of the need
for hepatitis B vaccine, and to follow immune status
after hepatitis B vaccine. |
| 726 |
HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBsAg) |
CH |
Presence of HBs antigen indicates
an ongoing infection with HBV, and is detectable
in the acutely ill and in chronic carriers. |
| 727 |
HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBsAg),
NEUTRALIZATION-CONFIRMATION |
CH |
Presence of HBs antigen indicates
an ongoing infection with HBV, and is detectable
in the acutely ill and in chronic carriers. The
presence of HBsAg in a sample can be confirmed
by demonstrating a significant reduction in signal
following specific ab neutralization. |
| 1754 |
HERPES VIRUS I & II AB, IgG & IgM |
EIA |
The test systems are intended to
be used to evaluate serologic evidence of primary
or reactivated infection with HSV. |
| 1763 |
HERPES VIRUS I & II AB, IgM |
EIA |
The test systems are intended to
be used to evaluate serologic evidence of primary
or reactivated infection with HSV. |
| 1761 |
HERPES VIRUS I AB, IgG |
EIA |
The test systems are intended to
be used to evaluate serologic evidence of primary
or reactivated infection with HSV. HSV seroIogical
utilizing whole virus preparations may not be able
to differentiate a positive result between HSV-1
and HSV-2 in the majority of patient specimens
due to the cross reactivity of antigens common
to both viruses. |
| 1762 |
HERPES VIRUS II AB, IgG |
EIA |
The test systems are intended to
be used to evaluate serologic evidence of primary
or reactivated infection with HSV. HSV seroIogical
utilizing whole virus preparations may not be able
to differentiate a positive result between HSV-1
and HSV-2 in the majority of patient specimens
due to the cross reactivity of antigens common
to both viruses. |
| 700 |
HIV-I BY EIA, REFLEXIVE TO WESTERN
BLOT |
EIA |
HIV-1 is the causative agent of
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) in humans.
This test provides an initial combo enzyme immunoassay
screening test for HIV-1, reflexing to HIV-1 qualitative
western blots (positive, negative, or indeterminate),
reporting which specific bands are present. |
| 702 |
HIV-I, WB (WESTERN BLOT) |
WB |
See HIV-1 by EIA, Reflexive to WB,
#700. |
| 90 |
HLA-B27 |
FC |
There is a strong association between
the presence of the HLA-B27 antigen and an increased
incidence of Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) as well
as several other disorders, such as Reiter’s
Syndrome, Psoriatic Arthritis, and arthropathies
associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. |
| 342 |
HOMOCYSTEINE |
CH |
Homocysteine has been identified
as an indicator of Cardiovascular Disease. |
| 305 |
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (HCG),
QUANTITATIVE |
CH |
Ectopic pregnancies and pregnancies
terminating in spontaneous abortion tend to have
lower than normal circulating HCG levels, while
somewhat higher levels are often seen in multiple
pregnancies. |
| 44 |
IgA, IMMUNOGLOBULIN A |
NEPH |
Measurement of immunoglobulin A
aids in the diagnosis of abnormal protein metabolism
and the body's lack of ability to resist infectious
agents. |
| 751 |
IGE, IMMUNOGLOBULIN E |
CH |
IgE constitutes a fraction of the
total antibody in serum (50 – 300ng/mL compared
to 10 mg/mL), and is important in pri-mary immune
responses. The immunogenetic mechanisms underlying
IgE responsiveness seen in atopic diseases can
be divided into antigen-specific and non-antigen-specific
responses. |
| 43 |
IgG, IMMUNOGLOBULIN G |
NEPH |
The measurement of gamma globulin
in serum and other body fluids aids in the diagnosis
of autoimmune diseases, Sarcoidosis, Chronic Liver
Disease, chronic and recurrent infections, lymphoid
malignancies, Multiple Myeloma and severe combined
and variable immunodeficiencies. |
| 45 |
IgM, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M |
NEPH |
Measurement of immunoglobulin M
aids in the diagnosis of abnormal protein metabolism
and the body's inability to resist infectious agents. |
| 115 |
IMMUNOFIXATION ELECTROPHORESIS (IFE) |
EL |
Immunofixation is used most frequently
for the identification of monoclonal immunoglobulins
for studying protein polymorphism and for genetic
studies. |
| 279 |
Ku |
IPP |
Ku abs are strongly associated with
systemic autoimmunity in Japanese patients in contrast
to SLE (15 – 50%) and overlap syndromes in
Americans. They are also found in some patients
with MCTD, Scleroderma, Polymyositis, Graves Disease
and Primary Pulmonary Hypertension. |
| 46 |
LE CELL PREPARATION |
ZH |
The occurrence of leukocytes containing
a characteristic inclusion body (the LE cell) is
found in the blood of patients with SLE. |
| 116 |
LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT |
DVVT, DVVT CONFIRM |
The presence of Lupus Anticoagulant
can cause hypercoag-ulable states and fetal loss.
Due to its heterogeneous nature, no single assay
can absolutely identify the presence of LA. Other
LA tests (ACA, Beta 2, Phosphatidylsirene) should
be performed if DRVVT is negative. |
| 307 |
LUTENIZING HORMONE (LH) |
CH |
LH measurements are used to define
the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Serum
gonadotropin determinations permit distinguishing
between Primary Gonadal Failure and Deficient Gonadal
Stimulation. |
| 764 |
LYME C6 PEPTIDE AG |
EIA |
C6 ab positive or equivocal results
should be supplemented by testing with a standardized
Western Blot (WB-second step) method. Positive
WB results provide evidence for exposure to or
infection with B. burgdorferi . Negative results
(either first or second step) should not be used
to exclude Lyme Disease. |
| 710 |
LYME DISEASE, EIA, REFLEXIVE TO WESTERN
BLOT |
EIA, WB |
The EIA result should only be used
for patients with signs and symptoms that are consistent
with Lyme Disease. Equivocal or positive results
must be supplemented by testing with a standardized
WB procedure. Positive supple-mental results are
supportive evidence of exposure to B. burgdorferi
and can be used to support a clinical diagnosis
of Lyme Disease. |
| 792 |
LYME DISEASE, WESTERN BLOT, IgG & IgM |
WB |
The Western Blot is useful for characterizing
the specificity of the ab response to B. burgdorferi.
The WBt has been reported to have greater sensitivity
than either the IFA or EIA procedures. |
| 237 |
Mi-2 |
IPP |
Anti-Mi-2 abs appear to be a marker
for Dermatomyositis. Anti-Mi-2 is detected in 8%
of all Myositis patients and in 15 to 20% of Dermatomyositis
patients. Serum samples con-taining anti-Mi-2 ab
immunoprecipitate a 240 KD major protein. |
| 150 |
MYOGLOBIN |
CH |
Is an aid in the diagnosis of Acute
Myocardial Infarction. |
| 235 |
MYOSITIS AB PANEL (Mi2, PL-12, PL-7,
EJ, OJ, Ku & U2 snRNP) |
IPP & DD |
The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
(IIM) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized
by muscle weakness resulting from chronic muscle
inflammation of unknown cause. Patients with IIM
have a variety of auto-antibodies with various
clinical utilities. One group of these abs, which
is found only in patients with Myositis, is known
as Myositis specific abs (MSA). The myositis abs
have been shown to be highly specific for patients
with Polymyosits, Dermatomyositis and overlap.
The Myositis ab panel detec-tion is an in-house
bioassay to be performed at RDL for qualitative
determinations of Myositis abs in serum by immunoprecipitation.
The Myositis antibody panel assay will be labeled
as an “Analytic Specific Reagent (ASR)”. |
|
|
|
|
| 236 |
MYOSITIS AB PANEL PLUS (Mi2, PL-12,
PL-7, EJ, OJ, Ku, U2 snRNP, PM/SCL, & Jo-1) |
IPP & DD |
See Myositis Ab Panel, #235. |
| 277 |
OJ |
IPP |
Anti-histidyl-tRNA synthetase abs
(anti-Jo-1) are the most common Myositis specific
abs (MSA), but abs reading with synthetase for
alanine (PL-12), threonine (PL-7), glycine (EJ),
and isoleucine (OJ) also exist. |
| 343 |
PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH), INTACT |
CH |
PTH decreases reabsorption of phosphate
by the proximal tubule and stimulates the production
of 1,25 hydroxyvitamin D which stimulates the intestinal
absorption of both calcium and phosphate. Generally
less than 5 to 25% of total immunoreactive PTH
is intact hormone. The remaining 75 to 95% is inactive
midregion/carboxyl fragments. In Hypercal-cemia,
secretion of these inactive forms persist, while
secre-tion of intact hormone is greatly reduced
or absent. The Intact PTH assay, therefore, is
most useful for monitoring dialysis patients. |
| 2747 |
PARVOVIRUS B-19 AB, IgG |
EIA |
See Parvovirus B-19 Ab, IgG & IgM,
#748. |
| 2748 |
PARVOVIRUS B-19 AB, IgM |
EIA |
See Parvovirus B-19 Ab, IgG & IgM,
#748. |
| 748 |
PARVOVIRUS B-19 ABS, IgG & IgM |
EIA |
Joint involvement occurs frequently
in adults after infection with B19 virus. The results
of these assays may be used to make a serological
determination of past, recent, or current infection
with B 19V. Also, this test may be used for testing
women of childbearing age to determine their serological
status where there is a suspicion of exposure to
B19V. |
| 239 |
PL-12 |
IPP |
The Myositis abs have been shown
to be highly specific for patients with Polymyosits,
Dermatomyositis and overlap. |
| 238 |
PL-7 |
IPP |
The Myositis abs have been shown
to be highly specific for patients with Polymyosits,
Dermatomyositis and overlap. |
| 308 |
PROGESTERONE |
CH |
Aids in the diagnosis and treatment
of disorders of the ovaries or placenta. |
| 309 |
PROLACTIN |
CH |
Aids in the diagnosis and treatment
of pituitary disorders. |
| 965 |
PROSTATE SPECIFIC AG (PSA) |
CH |
Aid in the detection of Prostate
Cancer when used in con-junction with digital rectal
examination (DRE) in men aged 50 years or older.
Also aid in the management of Prostate Cancer patients. |
| 124 |
PROTEIN C ACTIVITY |
COAG |
Protein C and S are activated in
vitro by thrombin in the pre-sence of thrombomodulin.
Acquired deficiencies of Protein C and S are associated
with hepatic disorders, oral antico-agulant therapy
and disseminated Intravascular coagulation. |
| 113 |
PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS, SERUM (SPE)-REFLEXIVE |
EL |
SPE is useful in the evaluation
of Myeloma, Macroglobuli-nemia of Waldenstrom,
collagen diseases, and Monoclonal Gammopathies;
evaluate inflammatory states; evaluate low back
pain, Arthritis, Amyloidosis; evaluate Lymphoma,
Leukemia, Anemia. |
| 125 |
PROTEIN S ACTIVITY |
COAG |
Protein C and S are activated in
vitro by thrombin in the presence of thrombomodulin.
Acquired deficiencies of Protein S are associated
with DIC, Type I & II Diabetes Mellitus, Pregnancy,
hepatic disorders, oral anticoagulant therapy,
and Essential Thrombocythemia. |
| 346 |
PTT - ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN
TIME |
COAG |
Abnormal prothrombin time results
could be due to congenital or acquired abnormalities.
Factor VIII, Factor X, Factor V, Factor II and
fibrinogen abnormalities can cause an elevated
PTT result. Acquired abnormalities could be due
to the presence of inhibitors such as lupus anticoagu-lants
or other inhibitors to specific factors. Abnormal
results are seen with vitamin K deficiency, disseminated
intravas-cular coagulation (DIC) and liver disease.
PTT is used to monitor patients on Warfarin sodium
(Coumadin) anticoag-ulant therapy. |
| 42 |
QIG, QUANTITATIVE IMMUNOGLOBULINS |
NEPH |
Quantitation of immunoglobulins
(lgG, IgA, and IgM) in serum provides useful
information for the evaluation of certain disease
states. Increased concentrations of these proteins
may occur in disorders such as monoclonal or polyclonal
gammopathies. Differentiation of these gammopathies
can be supported by measuring selective increases
in immunoglobulins. Decreased concentrations of
immunoglobulins may indicate Hypogammaglobulinemia
as a result of Primary or Secondary Immunodeficiency. |
| 534 |
RHEUMATOID FACTOR, IGA BY EIA |
EIA |
Several groups have reported that
a high level of IgA RF is prognostic for a more
severe disease outcome. When RF isotype levels
are compared with radiological abnormalities of
the joints, the strongest correlation is with raised
levels of RF IgA. High levels of RF IgA within
three years of the onset of symptoms have been
associated with a more severe disease after six
years of onset. Studies from as early as 1984 suggest
that the detection of RF IgA in early disease indicates
poor prognosis and justifies a more aggressive
course of treatment. |
| 533 |
RHEUMATOID FACTOR, IGG BY EIA |
EIA |
Two different groups demonstrated
that raised levels of RF IgG are virtually confined
to the sera of patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
and not other arthritides. The most striking clinical
association with RF IgG appears to be RA Vasculitis. |
| 555 |
RHEUMATOID FACTOR, IGG, IGA, IGM
BY EIA |
EIA |
IgM-RF is the main isotype identified
by clinically available diagnostic assays for RF
detection. The most consistent serological finding
in patients with RA is an increase in the concentration
of RF IgM in blood and synovial fluid. RF IgM has
been reported to occur in approximately 70-80%
of patients with confirmed RA. |
| 535 |
RHEUMATOID FACTOR, IGM BY EIA |
EIA |
EIA methods have the added advantage
of being able to simultaneously detect RF of IgG
and IgA subclasses in addition to RF IgM and are
not susceptible to prozone. It has become apparent
that the specificity and predictive value of the
RF test is substantially increased by the detection
of all three RF isotypes. |
| 207 |
RHEUMATOID FACTOR, IgM by NEPHELOMETRY
(BODY FLUID) |
NEPH |
IgM-RF is the main isotype identified
by clinically available diagnostic assays for RF
detection. The most consistent serological finding
in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an
increase in the concentration of RF IgM in blood
and synovial fluid. |
| 49 |
RHEUMATOID FACTOR, IgM by NEPHELOMETRY
(SERUM) |
NEPH |
IgM-RF is the main isotype identified
by clinically available diagnostic assays for RF
detection. The most consistent serological finding
in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an
increase in the concentration of RF IgM in blood
and synovial fluid. RF IgM has been reported to
occur. |
| 48 |
RHEUMATOID FACTOR, SSC (ROSE WAALER) |
PHA |
The RHEUMATON test provides a simple,
rapid qualitative and quantitative method for the
detection of rheumatoid factor (RF) in serum and
synovial fluid. |
| 7 |
RPR (RAPID PLASMA REAGIN) |
FLOC |
The ASI RPR (rapid plasma reagin)
Card Test for Syphilis is a qualitative and semiquantitative
nontreponemal floccula-tion test for the detection
of reagin abs in human serum and plasma as a screening
test in Syphilis serology. Also RPR can detect
anti-nontreponemal abs (reagin). |
| 1737 |
RUBELLA AB, IgG |
EIA |
Rubella ab detection is most often
used by the clinician to identify susceptible individuals
or to aid in the diagnosis of Acute Rubella Infection.
Susceptible individuals should be vaccinated. |
| 2737 |
RUBELLA AB, IgM |
EIA |
See Rubella Abs, IgG & IgM,
#737. |
| 737 |
RUBELLA ABS, IgG & IgM |
EIA |
Acute rubella infection can be confirmed
by simultaneously testing paired acute and convalescent
sera, and looking for seroconversion or a fourfold
rise in titer, or by the presence of rubella specific
IgM. The presence of rubella specific IgM in the
neonate or the persistence of a high titer of IgG
ab for longer than expected for passively acquired
ab (6 months) confirms a diagnosis of Congenital
Rubella. |
| 104 |
SEDIMENTATION RATE, WESTERGREN |
WEST |
ESR and viscosity are preferred for
monitoring chronic inflammation, including disease
severity in RA. ESR and C-reactive protein measurements
are the assays used most often by rheumatologists
in monitoring response to treat-ment in inflammatory
diseases such as RA. |
| 200 |
SYNOVIAL FLUID ANALYSIS, COMPLETE |
MANUAL |
Impaired function of the synovial
fluid may play a role in the development of Degenerative
Joint Disease such as Osteoarthritis. Complete
analysis consists of the following: appearance
and volume; cell count and differential; crystal
examination; mucin; viscosity. |
| 201 |
SYNOVIAL FLUID, CELL COUNT & DIFFERENTIAL |
MANUAL |
See Synovial Fluid Analysis, Complete,
#200. |
| 202 |
SYNOVIAL FLUID, CRYSTAL EXAM |
MANUAL |
See Synovial Fluid Analysis, Complete,
#200. |
| 203 |
SYNOVIAL FLUID, MUCIN CLOT |
MANUAL |
See Synovial Fluid Analysis, Complete,
#200. |
| 204 |
SYNOVIAL FLUID, VISCOSITY |
MANUAL |
See Synovial Fluid Analysis, Complete,
#200. |
| 325 |
T3 UPTAKE |
CH |
The thyroid uptake test is ordinarily
used in conjunction with an immunoassay for total
T4 to correct for the influence which alterations
in the levels of circulating thyroid hormone-binding
proteins have on the total T4 level. |
